Despite a decline in mortality among patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a leading cause of mortality, emphasizing the need for early identification, monitoring, and treatment. This narrative review summarizes global CKD prevalence, trends, determinants, and associated mortality, highlighting the importance of systematic preventative and therapeutic measures.

The diagnosis of CKD primarily involves estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and testing for albuminuria, using various classification schemas. The prevalence of CKD has increased over time, with significant differences across geographic regions and socioeconomic statuses. Factors such as age, gender, diabetes, and hypertension significantly influence CKD prevalence. Moreover, CKD has become one of the leading causes of death, with a disproportionate impact in regions like Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate CKD’s global burden.

Reference: Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2022;12(1):7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003.