Albuminuria is prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF) and independently associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. The causes and mechanisms linking albuminuria to HF progression and outcomes are not well understood. However, interventions that reduce albuminuria may potentially lower the risk of developing HF or prevent the progression of existing HF. Chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for HF and is associated with poor prognosis. Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are both independent predictors of HF exacerbation and mortality, with albuminuria reflecting structural kidney damage and glomerular hemodynamics.

Studies show that higher baseline positive symptom scores in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) predict better treatment response, while other baseline characteristics do not significantly predict outcomes. Clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics have the highest response rates among TRS treatments. The review emphasizes that while albuminuria is a strong marker for HF risk, it remains unclear whether it is merely indicative of early kidney dysfunction or causative in HF progression.

Reference: Khan MS, Shahid I, Anker SD, et al. Albuminuria and Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(3):270-282. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.028.